Category Filter
Cultura inmaterial: fiestas y tradiciones de las Baleares
Blog entreolas

Cultura inmaterial: fiestas y tradiciones de las Baleares

Por Jesús Torné. Fotos: Tolo Balaguer


P-00429baja

Un videoclip del grupo catalán Manel, vestidos con las ropas de cossier, ha puesto en boga una de las tradiciones más antiguas de Mallorca. Hacemos 10 paradas en un recorrido por el patrimonio inmaterial de las Baleares, lo que nunca fue escrito, lo que sobrevivió gracias al paso de generación en generación, hasta su protección actual.

 

1:
Fiestas patronales de Menorca

Caballos y bulla. Las fiestas patronales de Menorca son únicas. Las de Ciutadella son internacionales pero cada pueblo de la isla tiene fiestas similares, con su patrón y su lugar en el calendario de verano. Tienen protocolos estrictos y están protagonizadas por los caballos de raza menorquina, los caixers (jinetes), el pueblo y los visitantes. El clímax: el jaleo (cuando los caballos ya están en la plaza y comienza la exhibición).


2:
Firó de Sóller
Empoderamiento femenino. 
Para qué engañarnos, cuesta encontrar una fiesta tan antigua y con protagonismo femenino. El Firó conmemora, cada segundo lunes de mayo, la victoria de los locales contra los moros invasores del 11 de mayo de 1561. Lo del empoderamiento es porque, simulacro y fiesta aparte, dos chicas son elegidas cada año para emular a las hermanas Casesnoves, que echaron de casa, y no por la puerta, a uno de los piratas.


3:
Bailes tradicionales
Ball pagès, fandango y ball de bot.
 La diversidad de bailes tradicionales de las Islas han pervivido gracias a la práctica generacional. Los más conocidos son el ball pagès (baile payés) y sus versiones llamadas ball de bot (Part Forana de Mallorca) o el fandango menorquín. Este último procede del sur de la península y consta de tornada (parte instrumental) y cobla (la cantada). Los bailes de bot proceden en cambio de danzas cortesanas como el minué o la courante. Aunque todos estos bailes flaquearon con la llegada de otros, agarrados, han pervivido en gran medida gracias a las agrupaciones.


 

El ball de pagés y el ball de bot son patrimonio cultural balear


4:
Carpintería artesana
Araders y mestres d’aixa. 
De entre las profesiones transmitidas generacionalmente, sobre todo de padre a hijo, la de carpintero es una de las más significativas. El arader es el que ha fabricado durante siglos la barrera menorquina, la puerta que cierra las fincas, única en el mundo, de láminas curvas y gran resistencia ya que se realiza con madera de ullastre (olivo silvestre). Otro, el  mestre d’aixa, es el que construye embarcaciones de leña de todo tipo (sobre todo de pesca y recreo). En Menorca, por ejemplo, solo quedan dos talleres, que producen barcas que son una verdadera joya.


5:
Música celestial
El Cant de la Sibil·la.
Reconocido con el título de Patrimonio Inmaterial de la Humanidad, en 2010, por la Unesco, este canto de origen medieval se reproduce cada noche de Navidad en algunas iglesias de Mallorca, especialmente en el santuario de Lluc y en la Catedral. Es un canto a capella, que profetiza la llegada de Cristo y el Juicio Final, a cargo de una joven que encarna a la Sibil·la, una pitonisa pagana que fue adoptada por el Cristianismo. La imagen impresiona: viste túnica, capa y empuña una espada.


6:
Cossiers
Baile y color. 
Varios pueblos de Mallorca tienen como suya la tradición de los cossiers, que está documentada desde el siglo XVIII y que tiene su origen en el cristianismo pero también en los rituales paganos de fecundidad de la tierra. De entre ellos, los más populares son los de Alaró (16 de agosto), Manacor (último viernes de mayo y Pentecostés) y Montuïri (15, 23 y 24 de agosto). Los conforman una serie de danzas ancestrales realizadas por seis hombres, una dama y el demonio, que simulan una batalla entre el bien y el mal. La música la ponen los xeremiers y el color, los espectaculares vestidos. Aquí, el demonio siempre pierde.


 

Escenificación del Firó de Sóller

 

7:
Sant Antoni
Tres tocs, foguerons y el pi de Ternelles. 
La festividad de Sant Antoni, el del porquet (el cerdito), es el 17 de enero. Su celebración comprende misas y algunos eventos significados. En Menorca la procesión dels tres tocs recuerda la conquista en 1287 de Ciutadella, hasta entonces  dominada por los árabes, por parte de las tropas del rey Alfonso III. En Sa Pobla son típicos los foguerons (hogueras) y comer espinagades (empanadas) rellenas de anguila. En Pollença, esa noche, los jóvenes intentan coronar un pino de alrededor de 20 metros trasladado desde la finca de Ternelles y levantado en la plaza Vella del pueblo. Lo barnizan con jabón para que los osados resbalen.

 

8:
Pedra en sec
El arte de construir muros. 
Declarada Patrimonio Inmaterial de la Humanidad, esta técnica milenaria y propia de la cultura mediterránea, es un distintivo del paisaje de las Baleares. Delimita caminos, protege de inundaciones y corrimientos de tierra, y es la base de la fabricación de muros, casas, pozos. Mantiene el equilibrio entre el paisaje natural y el artificial, y su colocación es un arte hasta el punto de que se forma a futuras generaciones de margers para que no se pierdan estos muros artesanos, de piedra y sin conglomerante.


9:
Glosa
Una pelea de gallos ancestral. 
Es el hip-hop ancestral, la pelea de gallos de las Baleares.  Improvisación, poesía, retranca. Una voz que recita estrofas de entre cinco y doce versos, un sonido sinuoso que es ironía, pullas, y que conforma una divertida pelea para la que se requiere habilidad, talento y complicidad. En una sociedad antigua y analfabeta, los glosadors viajaban de pueblo en pueblo para protagonizar combates improvisados contra otros declamadores. Así ha pervivido este arte.


10:
Uc
El grito de las Pitiüses. 
Aunque no es único de Ibiza y Formentera, esta forma de comunicación oral, consistente en gritos, es una de los patrimonios inmateriales más característico de las dos islas. Es una forma de comunicación con la que antiguamente los jóvenes payeses expresaban alegría, burla o desafío. Hoy en día se pueden escuchar en las tradicionales xacotes, las fiestas payesas de verano.


 

Les Balears también son fuego y color
 

Asset Publisher
Morocco's Mediterranean side
Guías de viajes

Morocco's Mediterranean side

  This region is perfect for exploring cities with centuries of history and switching off amid natural landscapes and unspoilt beaches. From Tangier to Nador, here are ten places in northern Morocco to discover by motorhome.   Only a few kilometres separate Spain from Morocco; in less than an hour by ferry from southern mainland Spain, an entire country opens up that is best discovered slowly. The Rif massif dominates this Amazigh region and has shaped a landscape of small, remarkable roads that cross valleys and hug the coastline.   1: The gateway to Morocco Tangier This city is a gateway not only to Morocco but to the African continent. Located at a strategic point on the Strait of Gibraltar, it has Phoenician and Roman roots. The streets of the medina reveal both the Arab past and present, while this architecture mingles with 20th-century buildings dating from the period when Tangier was under international administration. Spanish influence can also be seen, for example in the Cervantes Theatre.   Tangier's ceramics reflect the colour of the sea   2: Views over the Strait Cape Spartel Cape Spartel, ten kilometres from Tangier, offers one of the finest views over the Strait. This is where the Atlantic gives way to the Mediterranean. The lighthouse here was one of the first in the country and has been operating since 1864. It stands within a nature reserve that fills up at weekends with Tangier residents looking to escape the city for a family day out. Nearby are also the Caves of Hercules and the Atlantic beaches of Sidi Kacem and Achakkar where surfing and other water sports can be enjoyed.     3: The Atlantic coast Assilah The narrow white streets of Assilah have become an open-air museum. Murals bring colour to the medina of this small Atlantic town. From the old-city walls you can see the ocean and the town's sandy beaches. It is the perfect place to stop and enjoy some fish.   Assilah's medina is recognised by UNESCO as historic heritage   4: The blue city Chefchaouen Morocco's blue pearl wins over travellers with its maze of lanes on the side of a mountain. The old town is a seemingly endless network of irregular streets lined with small shops selling souvenirs, clothes, food and spices. It is one of the best places to stay overnight and also a great base for enjoying the many walking trails in the region.     5: Switch off in nature Talassemtane National Park This natural park of almost 60,000 hectares is one of the treasures of the Rif Mountains. One of the best places to base yourself is the small village of Akchour, from where several routes set out into this mountainous area on foot or by bike. You can also see Atlas cedar forests and the waterfall named after the village.   Streams and natural pools abound in Talassemtane     6: The White Dove Tetouan Back on the Mediterranean, Tetouan is an essential stop. Its buildings are white, while in the medina this colour mixes with the green of many doorways. The old town is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Tetouan is also known as “the daughter of Granada” because of its Hispano-Moorish architecture. A few kilometres away lies Martil beach, the closest coastal area to the city and a good place to spend the night.   7: Sea and mountains Al Hoceima National Park Following the coastal road from Oued Laou towards Al Hoceima brings you to this national park, a vast landscape of nature and mountains that descend towards the Mediterranean. Between the cliffs and rocky stretches are small hidden beaches and coves such as Taoussarte and Taydiwine. Ospreys can also be seen hunting over these waters.   8: Mediterranean beaches Oued Laou Set between the mountains, the beach and small fishing village of Oued Laou are among the best places to stop, unwind and take a break from the journey. The road from Tetouan is one of the most beautiful in northern Morocco, following the coastline past cliffs and small rocky coves. Several campsites, shops and restaurants can be found near the village.   Green is associated with Paradise in Islam   9: The city on the cliff Al Hoceima This Rif city lies on the coast, surrounded by beaches and home to one of the most important ports in northern Morocco. It stands on an impressive cliff. Between 1994 and 2004, two major earthquakes struck the area, causing more than 500 deaths. It was also one of the centres of resistance to Spanish colonisation. Today, it is one of the most popular places for locals and travellers to spend their summer holidays and enjoy the calm Mediterranean waters.   10: The eastern coast Nador Nador is the final stop and the most important city on Morocco's eastern coast, only a few kilometres from Melilla. The city overlooks the Mar Chica, a saltwater lagoon connected to the sea. Following the road east, you come to the well-known Red Beach, a rocky beach, and the long Ras El-Ma beach, with several kilometres of sand. Close to the Algerian border lies the resort town of Saïdia, where you will find numerous large hotels and restaurants. 


Read more
Mallorca on foot and on two wheels
Guías de viajes

Mallorca on foot and on two wheels

  Mallorca's mild climate and good transport connections have led many walkers and, above all, cyclists to choose the island for their favourite sport. Here are ten routes to get your legs moving, either on foot or without leaving the saddle.   With 1,600 km of secondary roads and 468 km of signposted routes, Mallorca offers the perfect infrastructure for cycle tourism. Its diverse landscape —coastal, urban, rural and mountainous— also makes it ideal for exploring on foot. The experience is even better when the island is quieter, between October and May. 1: Contrasting landscapes along the old railway line The Manacor–Artà greenway This is not a circular route, so you will need to plan the return journey. At just under 30 kilometres, it is relatively easy and lets you enjoy a variety of landscapes without getting off the bike, following the old railway line. Starting east of Manacor, by the time you reach Artà you will have passed through tunnels and old stations and seen rural Mallorca, mountains, Mediterranean woodland and, in the distance, the coastline of s'Illot and Cala Millor. An easier alternative runs from Son Carrió to Son Servera.   2: Culture and the Serra de Tramuntana Valldemossa, Deià and Sóller The Valldemossa Charterhouse, where Chopin stayed, and Sóller's architectural heritage, particularly its Modernist buildings, make these two Serra villages well worth visiting. This road-bike route is for experienced cyclists. From Valldemossa, head to the Monastery of Miramar, founded by Ramon Llull, and Son Marroig, associated with Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria. Following the coast, you will reach Deià before descending to Sóller's Orange Valley. The route covers 36 km. 3: Mallorca's highest point, Lluc and the Cúber and Gorg Blau reservoirs Puig Major from Sóller Another demanding route for experienced cyclists, but one that belongs in this top ten because it climbs the island's highest peak. From Sóller, climb to the Monnàber tunnel, around 900 metres long. Roughly 2 km farther on is the military base, where permission must be requested to access Puig Major. From its 1,445-metre summit, you can enjoy some of the island's finest views. Afterwards, descend towards the Lluc Sanctuary, another essential stop, passing the Cúber and Gorg Blau reservoirs. From Coll de Sa Batalla, return to Sóller along the MA-10.   Walking among ancient stones 4: Beaches and natural parks by bike From Cala Egos to Es Trenc This non-circular road-bike route covers around 60 km. It takes in the coast of Santanyí and Campos and some of Mallorca's finest beaches. Starting in Cala Egos, head to Portopetro via Camí des Barranc, passing along the northern edge of Mondragó Natural Park. Continue alongside the torrent d'en Reieta to Santanyí, then cross this attractive town and ride on to Es Llombards, Ses Salines and Colònia de Sant Jordi. There you can leave the bike and, if the weather allows, walk for a while and take a dip in Es Trenc-Salobrar Natural Park or, at the other end, Es Carbó. All are spectacular beaches. 5: Great views of the Serra and the coast Planícia from Esporles This 30 km mountain-bike route is of moderate difficulty. Starting in Esporles, one of the Serra's prettiest villages, head towards Mirador de Mar along the old path that once linked the village with Port de Calonge. The views are spectacular. Return towards the MA-10 to descend towards Banyalbufar, but turn off first towards Planícia. Depending on your energy and available time, you can explore one of the three routes within this public estate. On the return journey, stop at the Es Verger viewpoint before continuing to another beautiful village, Banyalbufar, and from there back to Esporles. 6: Phoenician necropolis beside the beach Son Real The walk through the public estate of Son Real, in the municipality of Santa Margalida, is especially suitable for families. It is only around 2 km long, with no significant climbs or descents, and includes plenty to interest children. There are four possible routes, but the essential one leads to the impressive Punta des Fenicis necropolis, with burials dating from the Iron Age through to Roman times. And while you are there, you can enjoy a swim at the beach next to it.   Sea and mountains in Sóller   7: Family walking and cycling S'Albufera S'Albufera de Mallorca Natural Park, in the north of the island, is ideal for families. There are four routes that can be completed on foot or by bike: Sa Roca, Es Colombars, Es Cibollars and Es Camí d'Enmig-Ses Puntes. The longest, around three hours, is the last of these, but all of them offer the chance to enjoy the park's rich wildlife, particularly its birdlife.   8: One of Mallorca's most photographed horizons Torrent de Pareis There are several routes, some even suitable only for mountaineers, leading to the spectacular mouth of this torrent, one of Mallorca's most photogenic beaches. The classic route is the descent through the gorge from s'Entreforc, where the Gorg Blau reservoir flows out: it takes around 6 hours, covers 5 km and requires experience or a good guide. The easiest family-friendly option is the path beginning at Sa Calobra beach.   9: Ramon Llull's place of contemplation Cura Sanctuary If Ramon Llull chose this as a place for spiritual retreat, there must have been a reason. Our suggested route starts in the village of Randa before climbing to Cura Sanctuary, where the Mallorcan philosopher withdrew in the 13th century and founded his school. Along the way, as well as enjoying impressive views, you will visit the Sant Honorat hermitage and Nostra Senyora de Gràcia Sanctuary. On the final section, along Camí de Bon Pastor, you can see some galleries that were used as ammunition stores during the Spanish Civil War. The only real difficulty is the access to Puig de Son Reus. 10: Refuge for Trappist monks during the French Revolution La Trapa Several paths lead to La Trapa, a monastery founded in 1810 by French Trappist monks who, twenty years after the storming of the Bastille, decided to flee the country. Abandoned only a few years later, the estate was acquired in 1980 by the environmental group GOB to prevent development. The most popular route to La Trapa begins at s'Arracó cemetery. Another route from Sant Elm follows the coastline. A third goes via Coll de Sa Gramola and is a good choice when the rocks are wet. All of them provide exceptional views of the Sa Dragonera islet.   Horses accompany cycle tourists


Read more